Carbon-Pricing Initiatives Around The World

As Visual Capitalist’s Freny Fernandes details below, over the past two decades, governments around the world have responded to climate change through various initiatives and policies, with carbon pricing at the forefront.

A recent example is the Canadian province of Ontario’s Emissions Performance Standards program, first launched in 2022. The program sets annual carbon emissions limits for industrial facilities, with a fee on excess carbon emitted.

This graphic by Jonathan Letourneau maps 70 active carbon pricing initiatives around the world and highlights their global impact as seen in the 2022 World Bank report.

But first, let’s look at the different types of carbon pricing:

Carbon Tax vs. ETS

Broadly speaking, carbon pricing gives emission generating organizations a choice between reducing their carbon emissions and paying for them.

The two typical initiatives used to offer this choice are carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS):

• Carbon tax: This tax or levy is directly applied to the production of carbon emissions or fuels that release greenhouse gases. This makes products or services that release substantial carbon more expensive than greener alternatives (or reducing emissions).

• Emissions Trading System (ETS): Also called the cap-and-trade system, ETS puts a cap on the total level of greenhouse gases a licensed industry can emit. Companies with low emissions can sell their unused emission allowance with larger emitters that have exceeded the cap.

The World’s Carbon Pricing Initiatives

As of the end of 2022, Europe was home to 24 of the 70 active carbon pricing initiatives in the world.

Location	Carbon Pricing Type	CO2e Price Per Tonne (USD)	Emissions Covered (Tonnes)
🇦🇷 Argentina	Carbon tax	$4.99	79.46
🇦🇹 Austria	ETS	N/A	34.41
🇨🇦 Canada	ETS	$39.96	53.35
🇨🇦 Canada	Carbon tax	$39.96	167.67
🇨🇦 Canada – Alberta	ETS	$39.96	140.36
🇨🇦 Canada – British Columbia	ETS	$19.98	N/A
🇨🇦 Canada – British Columbia	Carbon tax	$39.96	46.41
🇨🇦 Canada – New Brunswick	ETS	$39.96	7.05
🇨🇦 Canada – New Brunswick	Carbon tax	$39.96	5.50
🇨🇦 Canada – Newfoundland and Labrador	ETS	$39.96	4.59
🇨🇦 Canada – Newfoundland and Labrador	Carbon tax	$39.96	5.01
🇨🇦 Canada – Northwest Territories	Carbon tax	$31.97	1.33
🇨🇦 Canada – Nova Scotia	ETS	$23.10	14.02
🇨🇦 Canada – Ontario	ETS	$31.97	41.12
🇨🇦 Canada – Prince Edward Island	Carbon tax	$23.98	0.97
🇨🇦 Canada – Quebec	ETS	$30.83	60.92
🇨🇦 Canada – Saskatchewan	ETS	$39.96	10.23
🇨🇱 Chile	Carbon tax	$5.00	36.93
🇨🇳 China	ETS	$9.20	4,500.00
🇨🇳 China – Beijing	ETS	$6.53	31.89
🇨🇳 China – Chongqing	ETS	$5.66	67.14
🇨🇳 China – Fujian	ETS	$1.83	125.13
🇨🇳 China – Guangdong (except Shenzhen)	ETS	$12.51	259.23
🇨🇳 China – Hubei	ETS	$7.24	63.80
🇨🇳 China – Shanghai	ETS	$9.28	78.48
🇨🇳 China – Shenzhen	ETS	$0.64	13.17
🇨🇳 China – Tianjin	ETS	$4.40	53.08
🇨🇴 Colombia	Carbon tax	$5.01	44.68
🇩🇰 Denmark	Carbon tax	$26.62	17.21
🇪🇪 Estonia	Carbon tax	$2.21	1.41
🇪🇺 EU – Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein	ETS	$86.53	1,626.60
🇫🇮 Finland	Carbon tax	$85.10	26.93
🇫🇷 France	Carbon tax	$49.29	157.78
🇩🇪 Germany	ETS	$33.16	349.44
🇮🇸 Iceland	Carbon tax	$34.25	2.72
🇮🇪 Ireland	Carbon tax	$45.31	27.05
🇯🇵 Japan	Carbon tax	$2.36	952.66
🇯🇵 Japan – Saitama	ETS	$3.84	8.16
🇯🇵 Japan – Tokyo	ETS	$4.42	13.26
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan	ETS	$1.08	169.18
🇰🇷 Korea, Republic of	ETS	$18.75	554.44
🇱🇻 Latvia	Carbon tax	$16.58	0.38
🇱🇮 Liechtenstein	Carbon tax	$129.86	0.15
🇱🇺 Luxembourg	Carbon tax	$43.35	6.80
🇲🇽 Mexico	Carbon tax	$3.72	352.61
🇲🇽 Mexico	ETS	$3.72	320.55
🇲🇽 Mexico – Baja California	Carbon tax	N/A	N/A
🇲🇽 Mexico – Tamaulipas	Carbon tax	N/A	N/A
🇲🇽 Mexico – Zacatecas	Carbon tax	N/A	N/A
🇲🇪 Montenegro	ETS	N/A	N/A
🇳🇱 Netherlands	Carbon tax	$46.14	25.96
🇳🇿 New Zealand	ETS	$52.62	41.61
🇳🇴 Norway	Carbon tax	$87.61	44.73
🇵🇱 Poland	Carbon tax	N/A	15.94
🇵🇹 Portugal	Carbon tax	$26.44	25.04
🇸🇬 Singapore	Carbon tax	$3.96	56.42
🇸🇮 Slovenia	Carbon tax	$19.12	10.65
🇿🇦 South Africa	Carbon tax	$9.84	459.17
🇪🇸 Spain	Carbon tax	$16.58	6.23
🇸🇪 Sweden	Carbon tax	$129.89	25.83
🇨🇭 Switzerland	ETS	$64.22	5.06
🇨🇭 Switzerland	Carbon tax	$129.86	15.75
🇺🇸 United States – California	ETS	$30.82	309.47
🇺🇸 United States – New England Area (RGGI)	ETS	$13.89	67.92
🇺🇸 United States – New England Area (RGGI)	ETS	$0.50	6.07
🇺🇸 United States – Oregon	ETS	N/A	27.09
🇺🇦 Ukraine	Carbon tax	$1.03	197.46
🇬🇧 United Kingdom	Carbon tax	$23.65	97.38
🇬🇧 United Kingdom	ETS	$98.99	129.85
🇺🇾 Uruguay	Carbon tax	$137.30	4.38

Europe’s position is not surprising given many of its countries have set ambitious carbon neutral goals. The region’s European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the world’s largest carbon market, covering 1.8 billion tonnes of emissions annually.

Canada has also implemented numerous regional and national carbon pricing initiatives, with many provinces falling under both main types of carbon pricing. For example, carbon emissions in British Columbia—the first jurisdiction in North America to implement carbon pricing—are priced under both a carbon tax and an ETS.

Meanwhile, the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2021, China, implemented its much-awaited national ETS the same year. In just one year, the country’s traded carbon emission allowances crossed 200 million tonnes.

In the U.S., several states have implemented their own carbon pricing initiatives. California’s cap-and-trade initiative covers emissions from electricity, transportation, and industry, while the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative sets a cap on emissions from power plants of nine Northeastern states, including New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania.

The Impact of Carbon Pricing

Putting a price on carbon emissions seems to have made an impact in reducing emissions.

In Europe, the EU ETS has helped reduce emissions from the power sector by 43% in the region since its inception in 2005.

Likewise, California’s Cap-and-Trade program has helped the state meet its goal of reducing carbon emissions back to 1990 levels.

In many jurisdictions, including China and Canada, there are plans to double down on carbon pricing plans, either by increasing the cost of carbon or lowering emissions limits.

But while many economists and policy makers have found carbon pricing to be the most efficient tool to curb emissions, they also point out that the programs themselves need to be designed well. Initiatives with limits that are too high or prices that are too low can be ineffectual, as well as giving certain major polluters exemptions from programs.