The DSA and the Democrats’ Retreat Into Economic Fantasyland


New York City protesters with Democratic Socialists of America signs | Adani Samat/Gina M Randazzo/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom

Of the trio of candidates who swept to victory in New York this week with the backing of Mayor Zohran Mamdani—all of whom are or have been associated with the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA)—none has generated more attention than Darializa Avila Chevalier.

Chevalier, who has never held office before, is a 32-year-old community organizer who this week won a Democratic primary in New York against incumbent Adriano Espaillat. Like many DSA-affiliated up-and-comers, Chevalier has a long history of incendiary social media posts. As Reason‘s Liz Wolfe noted yesterday, she’s called former President Joe Biden a “rapist” and a “war criminal.” She once posted “fuck Kamala Harris.” Remember, she just won a Democratic primary

She also described the United States as a “fucking disgrace,” though it’s apparently not quite so disgraceful that she doesn’t want to take the title and salary of U.S. congressional representative. As center-left writer Jeff Maurer wrote, it will be extraordinarily easy for Republicans to portray her as a radical, anti-America lunatic “because she is a radical, anti-America lunatic.” 

But Chevalier is not just an unusually unhinged, radically anti-American social media leftist; she’s also a committed economic socialist who supports creating a four-day, 32-hour work week with no pay reduction, free government-sponsored childcare, free pre-kindergarten, Medicare for All, and a federal rent control system, presumably because rent regulations have worked so well in New York. Somewhat confusingly, she also supports both a universal basic income and a federal jobs guarantee, which raises the question: Why would you need a federally guaranteed job if you have a federally guaranteed income? 

In any case, after reading several academic studies, conversing with some economists and pollsters, and trying to assess her policy agenda neutrally, I have concluded that she is, in technical terms, cuckoo bananas. 

OK, OK, you got me. I didn’t actually do all that. But her policy agenda is so wildly fanciful, so disconnected with economic reality, and so out of touch with American politics that I hardly needed to. It’s self-evidently absurd. The same is true of many of the ideas of her fellow DSA-linked, Mamdani-backed candidates, like Claire Valdez, another one of this week’s winners, who somehow still supports the Green New Deal and also wants the federal government to freeze electricity bills. 

Medicare for All is so expensive and so unwieldy that it failed, even in a small scale, in Sen. Bernie Sanders’ (I–Vt.) home state of Vermont. The idea that it would pass at the national level is utterly fanciful. One estimate of the Green New Deal, a sort of everything bagel bundle of environmental-labor-big-government-quasi-socialism, put the cost at over $90 trillion, or about three times the country’s total annual gross domestic product. Making the federal government America’s electrical utility company would probably work about as well as making the federal government America’s landlord did during COVID-19

And speaking of landlords, has anyone in the orbit of the DSA ever looked at one single solitary study of rent-control in New York? Or even just…the actual rent in New York, which is ground zero for American rent control? Rent control doesn’t need studies to show it doesn’t work. Every time someone rents an apartment in the Big Apple, it makes the case against itself. 

One might argue that Chevalier and the rest of the Mamdani-backed, DSA-friendly slate of candidates are extreme and not representative of the rest of the party. And that’s true to some extent. But mainstream Democrats have been embracing fantasy economics for years, even and perhaps especially under a nominally moderate figure like Joe Biden. 

Biden wasn’t a socialist. But he was a big-government Democrat who backed obviously ruinous spending policies from the day he entered office. His first major act as president was to pass the American Rescue Plan, a $2 trillion stimulus and spending bill billed as a COVID response, despite the fact that only a tiny percentage of the spending was actually dedicated to responding to the pandemic. Instead, the bill was a bloated package of handouts to Democratic interest groups and unnecessary checks to American voters. Critics warned that the package was too large and would cause inflation. In return, Biden said the bigger risk was going too small. But two years later, the economy suffered the worst inflation shock in 40 years. 

Meanwhile, Biden appointed a group of Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D–Mass.) devotees to key regulatory posts. Often called neo-Brandeisians—or more colloquially, antitrust hipsters—they often gesture toward the technical and historical aspects of antitrust legislation. But in the main, their worldview is, as with most hipsters, aesthetic rather than technical. It can be summarized as: Big corporations are inherently suspect, and any merger or deal that makes them larger should require approval from the federal government, even if there is no obvious consumer harm. Indeed, this intellectual cohort sometimes explicitly argued that higher prices for consumers were an affirmative good that should be pursued by policymakers. You think an f-bomb directed at Kamala Harris is radical? Try telling American voters that the job of government is to make prices higher

And this is just the stuff that Biden, with Harris and the rest of the Democratic Party along for the ride, actually did. From spending to business regulation to labor issues, much of the Democratic Party, even beyond the fringes of Mamdani’s Commie Corridor, has also gone cuckoo bananas, especially in bastions of blue governance like California and New York. 

Harris once championed Sanders’ national single-payer health care plan. She backed off, but continued to push a large government expansion of health care that, while less expansive, was still substantial—and mostly just didn’t make any sense. Democrats in both California and New York have proposed their own, state-based single-payer health care plans, both of which would have required politically implausible tax hikes and both of which were, to put it kindly, ludicrously expensive

Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D–N.Y.), who looks to be readying a 2028 presidential run, proposed a Green New Deal for Public Housing Act that, while less expensive than national single-payer health care, would still have cost hundreds of billions a decade and would have substantially increased federal control of the nation’s public housing stock. The city of Boston, meanwhile, pushed various forms of rent regulation, and the state of New York trumpeted eviction restrictions that, in some cases, allowed tenants to squat in apartments for years without paying rent.  

In New York City, the DSA’s patron, Mamdani, has spent political capital pushing a series of utterly pointless, woefully expensive city-run grocery store boondoggles. Kamala Harris proposed a price-gouging law that was derided by Democratic-Party-friendly economists. Harris’ proposal had some commonalities with a price gouging law proposed by Warren, Sanders, and Democratic lawmakers from Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Illinois that might have given the federal government the ability to set grocery prices. 

Part of the problem is that many of the party’s leading lights are not especially sharp when it comes to economics and policymaking. Another problem is that many simply don’t care about the realities and practicalities of their proposals. But while that explains some of the party’s economic nuttiness, that’s not exactly an excuse. Careless, uninformed radicalism is still radicalism, and it’s been gnawing its way closer to the party’s center for years. Chevalier and the DSA-adjacent, Mamdani-backed cohort are just the most bananas of them all, the bleeding edge of creeping cuckoo-bananaism. 

I don’t mean to say the Republican Party is much better. Over the last decade, the party has become a personality cult, and the personality it has organized around understands the economy through a simple-minded mercantilist worldview, in which America is essentially a business that needs to collect revenue through tariffs, like licensing fees for Trump-branded golf courses. Much of the party has sat idly by, or even cheered, as President Donald Trump unilaterally passed sweeping, constitutionally dubious tariffs that have cost jobs, raised prices, and generally failed to deliver on their own stated goals, like reducing the national debt and deficit. 

Speaking of which: Have you looked at the national debt recently? Our nation’s political class certainly hasn’t. All of these expansive spending proposals, from Medicare for All to the Green New Deal, are being talked about in an environment with dramatically less space for fiscal maneuvering. A major budget crunch is coming, yet the Democratic Party has largely decided to ignore the books and push for spending more, and more, and more.  

The all-around radicalism of the GOP during the Trump years has papered over and excused the radicalism of the Democratic Party, and even helped egg it on. After this week’s radical sweep, youthful party strategist David Hogg posted, “If this isn’t the Dem tea party I don’t know what is.”

Whether or not this is the Democrats’ Tea Party, it’s certainly a revolution. But like all revolutions, it didn’t happen overnight. Democrats have been retreating into economic fantasyland for years, and this week’s radical upsets are just the latest sign that the fantasy is taking over. 

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Only Fools Gloat


Hakeem Jeffries loses candidates | BillMelugin_/X

The aftermath: Loyal readers of Roundup know that yesterday’s primary results—a Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) sweep of New York’s districts, dethroning incumbents left and right—are likely going to lead to a lot more self-proclaimed socialists in the U.S. House of Representatives. How much does Mamdani Fever matter elsewhere, though?

“Left-leaning, anti-establishment candidates have triumphed in a series of primaries in deep blue congressional districts. What about in competitive races this fall?” asks Katie Glueck at The New York Times. The races to watch? “The Maine Senate race, where Graham Platner, the Democratic nominee, has embraced progressive positions such as supporting Medicare for All and calling to dismantle Immigration and Customs Enforcement.” Also, “if Abdul El-Sayed, a progressive former public health official, wins the August Senate primary in Michigan, his candidacy would pose a similar test in one of the nation’s most important battlegrounds.”

Meanwhile, the National Republican Congressional Committee has taken it upon itself to do the bitchiest thing possible to House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D–N.Y.), who had been hoping to become speaker but will probably not be so supported by the incoming far-left representatives:

It’s foolish for Republicans to gloat. This isn’t good for the Democratic Party (or for Jeffries’ political ambitions), but it also probably isn’t very good for the Republicans, either. Our discourse will be dragged down to ever-more-stupid levels. Think former Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R–Ga.): What once looked like steadfast President Donald Trump loyalism has actually devolved into deep feuding and—as of yesterday—apparently a total break from the Republican Party.

It’s possible the Democratic Party will be dragged further to the left. It’s possible it will have a harder time appealing to moderates. It’s possible the split on Israel will prove insurmountable. It’s also possible that the policy priorities of these DSA types won’t actually be possible to pass at a national level, and that they won’t be able to get anywhere close. Or that efforts to implement national versions of, say, universal childcare, would end up backfiring.

“One challenge: more equitable federal social policy would mean NYS/NYC would receive far less in federal transfers and lower-income, lower fiscal-capacity states (disproportionately rural and Republican) would receive far more,” writes Reihan Salam of the Manhattan Institute. “Without federal matching funds, it is hard to see NYS/NYC sustaining anything approaching its current level of social welfare expenditure, let alone finance social housing and subsidized housing for the bottom 90 percent, universal unionized childcare, free transit, and other lofty aspirations. Austerity forever. This kind of discipline could yield a better, more effective government, but it would undoubtedly be more targeted and less expansive.”

It’s also possible they’ve just…barely thought about the mechanics of governing at all. They can hardly handle the politics side of it! Consider what New York primary winner Darializa Avila Chevalier’s team thinks is an appropriate political ad (possibly the worst ad I’ve ever seen):

The upshot:


Scenes from New York: “I’m sympathetic to Bodega Nationalists because I can relate to them,” writes Denzel Rust at Mama. “They prove something fundamental about human nature: that people tend to be right-wing lunatics about the things closest to them. The teacher who votes blue but fantasizes about her worst-behaved students being sent to Guantanamo. The HOA apparatchik who wants their BLM yard sign protected by private security. In the case of the Bodega Nationalist, who has been denied a healthy outlet for his tribal libido, all that’s left are zip codes and sports teams. Coexist stickers for the post-national localwaffen.”


QUICK HITS

  • At least 164 people are dead—and probably more—after two earthquakes (7.2 magnitude and 7.5 magnitude) hit Venezuela yesterday. The last time a super-destructive earthquake hit Venezuela was in July 1967, killing 240 people.
  • “Key parts of the oil market are suddenly awash in supply, as a stream of cargoes out of the Strait of Hormuz accelerates after the US-Iran agreement to open the waterway,” reports Bloomberg.
  • “U.S. President Donald Trump faced pointed criticism over the Iran war in a closed-door meeting with fellow Republicans on Wednesday, shortly before his administration asked Congress for tens of billions ​of dollars to pay for the conflict,” reports Reuters. “Several Republicans who attended said Trump engaged in a shouting match with Senator Bill Cassidy, who said the administration needed to explain a framework deal Trump signed last ‌week that gives Iran financial incentives but falls short of the goals he laid out at the war’s beginning.”
  • From The Wall Street Journal: “Things Are Getting Awkward in England as Roadside Diners Turn Into Sex Shops.” (“Things have clearly changed here since the days when a comedy called ‘No Sex Please, We’re British’ was one of the biggest shows on London’s West End in the 1970s and ’80s.”)
  • The responses to the New York Times‘ dissecting-Usha-Vance’s-pregnancy-style article are incredible:

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Academic Freedom Podcast Returns

A new episode of the Academic Freedom Podcast has been released. The podcast is sponsored by the Academic Freedom Alliance and the Center for Academic Freedom and Free Speech at Yale Law School.

This episode features a conversations with Brian Soucek, of UC-Davis Law and the AAUP. Brian has been a leading scholarly critic of the new wave of a institutional neutrality policies and defender of the compatibility of DEI policies with academic freedom commitments. He now has a new book that brings those themes together in The Opinionated University: Academic Freedom, Diversity, and the Myth of Neutrality in American Higher Education.

In the new podcast episode, we discuss the mission of the university and its relationship with academic freedom, diversity initiatives in universities relating to faculty hiring and promotion, and institutional speech by university leaders and faculty bodies such as university departments. I’ve been on the opposite side of Brian on many of those issues, such as institutional neutrality and diversity statements. A useful and enlightening conversation. Give it a listen here.

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Mayor and Fire Chief Calling Union Leaders “Punk Ass White Boys” and “Racist” Was Labor Law Violation

From the Ohio State Employment Relations Board in In re City of Youngstown, decided in December by Chair W. Craig Zimpher, Vice Chair Sandra Drabik Collins, and Board Member Robert Walter, but just posted on Westlaw:

  1. City violated RC 4117.11(A)(1) when Fire Chief yelled at, physically threatened, uttered racially oriented names (i.e., “punk ass white boys”), and accused Union President and Vice President of being “racist” when they requested information about, and demanded to bargain over, effects of offering EMT class to bargaining unit employees, constituting restraint and coercion in exercise of rights guaranteed to them.
  2. City violated RC 4117.11(A)(1) when Mayor publicly labeled two Union leaders as being racist for engaging in lawful actions, likely causing reputational harm, and restraining their continued protected activity.
  3. City violated RC 4117.11(A)(3) when Mayor condoned Fire Chief’s conduct and ratified his views in media. More likely than not, this led to negative characterization of Captains by at least one citizen and at least one Union member. This, in turn, caused each official to have to defend his reputation for merely exercising his duty as Union officer. This reputational harm constituted a change in conditions of employment for Union President and Vice President, because Mayor’s conduct specifically harmed their protected right to maintain their good reputation….

The relevant statutory provisions, from Ohio Rev. Code 4117.11, read:

(A) It is an unfair labor practice for a public employer, its agents, or representatives to:

(1) Interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code or an employee organization in the selection of its representative for the purposes of collective bargaining or the adjustment of grievances; …

(3) Discriminate in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment on the basis of the exercise of rights guaranteed by Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code….

The Board adopted the proposed order from Administrative Law Judge Raymond Geis, which concluded in part:

Respondent sent an email to all employees announcing that an emergency medical technician “EMT” class would be offered to all firefighters. Respondent did not share any information ahead of time with the Union about the class before the general announcement. Sign-up for the class was voluntary. Then-Union President Racco and Vice President (“VP”) Thomas requested a meeting to discuss the EMT class offering and discuss how it may affect the firefighters’ terms and conditions of employment. During a September 6, 2024, meeting, the Union demanded to bargain effects of the EMT class offering including, inter alia, scheduling/sign-up, compensation for attendance, and compensation for members filling in for attendees’ regular posts.

In response, Respondent’s agent, Chief Finley, called the Union Leaders ‘punk ass white boys’ and ‘little white bitches,’ said that he was ‘tired of you white boys,’. He accused the Union Leaders of only wanting to negotiate because Chief Finley was black, and accused the Union Leaders of being racist, then proceeded to state, ‘I am so tired of you white boys constantly coming after me for no reason and it just never stops,’ After VP Thomas responded that he was not a racist, he told VP Thomas, ‘[y]ou know who always says that, a racist.’

Chief Finley further stated that he didn’t have to bargain anything about the EMT class because it was voluntary. Chief Finley was yelling his comments and stood up across the table in a manner reasonably perceived to create an apprehension of assault. It took two deputy law directors to get the Chief to leave the room. This demonstrates that the Chief lost emotional self-control, without legal provocation, during a legitimate collective bargaining meeting.

Respondent’s Mayor ratified Chief Finley’s conduct when he spoke with a reporter for The Vindicator and in the resulting article, stated that the union leaders disrespected him as “an African-American fire chief”, and by stating “there’s some racial issues there” and indicating the white union officials don’t recognize that they are being racist toward him….

Neither Racco nor Jordan ran for reelection to their Union officer positions due in substantial part to reasonably perceived reputational harm from media coverage of the dispute exacerbated by the Mayor’s comments. The Mayor’s comments to the The Vindicator effectively excused Chief Finley’s conduct during a bargaining meeting and falsely labeled the Union as racially prejudiced because it sought relevant information and demanded to bargain with Respondent (even though these acts constituted lawful exercise of its rights guaranteed under R.C. 4117)….

[T]he record conclusively establishes that the Chief’s conduct overwhelmingly steered the meeting off course and undermined any possibility of sharing information and/or reaching agreement. Chief Finley’s comments standing alone are inherently coercive and are reasonably calculated to frustrate collective bargaining and/or assertion of collective bargaining rights.

The Mayor’s public justification of Chief Finley’s conduct and ratification of his view that the union leaders were being “racist” was discriminatory toward Racco and Thomas solely due to their status as Union officers. But for the men’s role as union representatives asserting protected rights on behalf of those they represent, their reputation would not have been besmirched by Chief Finley or the Mayor. These Union men’s terms and conditions of employment uniquely suffered because their legal right to maintain their reputation was infringed without cause, while no other employees faced a similar degradation.

These events caused Racco and Thomas to reasonably perceive harm to reputation such that neither man sought reelection as a Union officer. The current Union president credibly testified to difficulties in recruiting members to fill the ranks of its executive board due to members’ perceptions of how Racco and Thomas were treated.

This chilling effect upon recruitment and participation of bargaining unit members as Union officers was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the mayor’s public ratification of Chief Finley’s views and his conduct in response to the Union’s legal assertion of its protected legal rights. The Mayor and Finley committed per se violations of R.C. 4117.11 by, in effect, stating the Union and its leaders were racist for requesting information and demanding to bargain. This was done in spite of the fact that R.C. Chapter 4117. confers rights by one’s status as a public employee (or public employer) without regard to race – period….

And the board ordered the city to, among other things,

Refrain from yelling at union officers, making physically threatening gestures toward union officials, making racially oriented insults toward union officers, and accusing union officers of racism during meetings and communications which specifically arise from the statutory obligation to bargain in good faith ….

I’m not sure this is correct as a matter of labor law, or consistent with the Mayor’s First Amendment rights as an elected official to express his views (see Bond v. Floyd (1966)). But in any event I thought it worth noting; for a post about a loosely similar case, see Did Elected Officials Violate First Amendment by Orchestrating Public Criticism of (and Racism Allegations Against) Their Critic?

For more on the story, see the Vindicator (David Skolnick).

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10 Big Supreme Court Cases To Go


PinkHouse-SCOTUS-6-24 | Adani Samat/Midjourney/Svitlana Lutso

Greetings and welcome to the latest edition of the Injustice System newsletter. The month of June is rapidly coming to a close, and the U.S. Supreme Court has officially begun its mad dash to the finish line, aiming to release all opinions in argued cases by either the end of the month or—judicial vacation plans permitting—by sometime in early July.

How are the justices doing in terms of the workload? Well, a little over a month ago, I wrote about the “11 big cases that I’ll be watching out for in the weeks ahead.” As of this writing, a whopping one of those 11 has been decided. I was a history major back in college, so I’ll let you do the math.

We’re expecting more opinions today. Which means that by the time you’re reading this newsletter, we may already be dealing with momentous rulings on issues ranging from state bans on transgender student athletes to the reach of the Second Amendment’s right to keep and bear arms to the constitutionality of mail-in ballots that were sent by election day but not received until after election day.

And then there is the none-too-small matter of executive power. If any single issue is going to define this rambunctious 2025–26 SCOTUS term, then the debate over the proper scope of presidential power is probably it. The showdown over birthright citizenship, for instance, all started with an executive order from President Donald Trump that purported to do what the text and history of the Birthright Citizenship Clause do not permit the president to do. So in addition to being a case about the original meaning of the 14th Amendment, Trump v. Barbara is also a case about executive authority.

Meanwhile, executive power is truly front and center in Trump v. Slaughter and Trump v. Cook, each of which deals with the scope of presidential control over the leadership of “independent” federal agencies. Trump seems likely to win at least one of these cases, with a majority of the Court seeming likely to allow him to fire a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission for purely political reasons, rather than “for cause,” as the law, and perhaps soon-to-be-overruled Supreme Court precedent, currently require. That’s Trump v. Slaughter.

Trump v. Cook is a horse of different color. In this case, Trump seeks to fire a member of the Federal Reserve’s Board of Governors “for cause,” yet whether or not his purported cause for firing her actually satisfies the “for cause” requirement in federal law is far from settled. I can imagine Trump losing this one. But you never know.

In Other Legal News

This week marks an unhappy anniversary in American legal history. On June 23, the case of Kelo v. City of New London (2005) turned 21 years old. That’s the case in which a 5–4 Supreme Court let a local government bulldoze a thriving neighborhood so that private developers would have a blank slate on which to build, all in the hopes of increasing the local tax base.

The constitutional question at the heart of Kelo was whether this use of eminent domain was lawful under the Fifth Amendment, which says that private property may only be taken by the government for a “public use,” a term that has traditionally been understood to cover things such as roads, bridges, tunnels, and parks.

Writing for the majority, Justice John Paul Stevens embraced a far more elastic concept that appears nowhere in the text of the Constitution. “The disposition of this case,” Stevens asserted, “turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a ‘public purpose.’ Without exception,” he declared, “our cases have defined that concept broadly, reflecting our longstanding policy of deference to legislative judgments in this field.”

How did that misguided judicial deference work out in the end? The homeowners got the boot, the neighborhood was razed, and then the entire redevelopment scheme fell apart. Nothing was ever built. In 2011, local officials urged residents to use the location as a dumpsite for storm debris from Hurricane Irene. And last I checked, the once-attractive neighborhood was still a barren lot.

Sometimes the Supreme Court gets it right. The Kelo debacle is a reminder that sometimes the Court gets it disastrously wrong.

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Prohibition Didn’t Stop Marijuana Use. It Stopped Marijuana Research.


Research scientist | Photo: Artitwpd/Dreamstime

On June 29, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) will convene a hearing to consider whether marijuana should finally be removed from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the federal government’s most restrictive drug classification, reserved for substances with a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. Heroin and LSD are in the same category. This hearing will determine whether restrictions will be eased on marijuana as a whole.  

It’s a strikingly late debate to be having. 

The proceedings, which must conclude by July 15, follow an April order from the Department of Justice that moved marijuana products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and state-licensed medical marijuana into Schedule III, a less restrictive category that allows medical research to proceed. Tens of millions of Americans use marijuana today, and cannabis is sold legally in some form across most of the country. Yet we know far less about the drug than its ubiquity would suggest. For more than half a century, a classification that was never meant to be permanent has blocked the research needed to understand what marijuana actually does to the people who use it.

The origin of this problem is political, not scientific. When Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act in 1970, marijuana’s placement in Schedule I was explicitly provisional, a placeholder pending review by a presidential commission. The Shafer Commission, chaired by a Republican governor and composed largely of President Richard Nixon’s appointees, concluded in 1972 that marijuana did not meet the criteria for Schedule I and recommended decriminalizing personal possession. Nixon ignored the report and escalated the war on drugs. The provisional classification became permanent by default. Since 1965, an estimated 29 million Americans have been arrested on marijuana charges, roughly 90 percent of them for possession alone.

The most damaging consequence of Schedule I, however, has not been to cannabis users, who have gained access through state legalization, but to the research enterprise. Schedule I substances face the most restrictive regulatory barriers under federal law, including heightened DEA registration requirements, limited sourcing options, and protocol approvals that materially delay or deter research. Even DEA-registered researchers have been barred from using certain National Institutes of Health grants to purchase cannabis. The products available from government-approved suppliers have not represented the full range of what people actually consume at dispensaries. The classification, in effect, impedes research into drug safety, leaving the millions of cannabis users it claims to protect less informed than they would otherwise be.

And there is plenty we need to know. The strongest evidence of risk concerns psychosis, especially in young users. A multisite study published in The Lancet Psychiatry, drawing on data from 901 patients with first-episode psychosis across 11 European sites, found that daily cannabis use was associated with more than three times the odds of a psychotic disorder, rising to nearly five times for users of high-potency products containing over 10 percent THC, the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana. The authors estimated that one in five new psychosis cases across the study sites could be attributed to daily use. A 2022 systematic review of 20 studies covering nearly 120,000 cannabis users confirmed that higher-potency products are associated with elevated risk of both psychosis and cannabis use disorder.

The biological mechanism is plausible and concerning, particularly for young people. Adolescence is a critical window for brain development, marked by extensive synaptic pruning and the maturation of prefrontal circuits governing impulse control and decision making. The endocannabinoid system, the molecular network that THC activates, plays an essential role in these developmental processes. A 2025 review in the American Journal of Psychiatry concluded that translational research combining longitudinal neuroimaging with animal models provides compelling evidence that frequent cannabis use, particularly high-THC products, can disrupt adolescent brain development.

Meanwhile, the potency of commercially available cannabis has been rising steadily for decades, with average THC concentrations increasing by roughly 0.29 percent per year from 1970 to 2017. That trend aligns with what drug-policy analysts sometimes call the “iron law of prohibition“: When enforcement intensifies, producers and traffickers have incentives to favor more concentrated and potent products that are easier to transport, conceal, and distribute while generating greater returns relative to the legal risks involved. Today’s dispensary products bear little resemblance to the marijuana the Shafer Commission evaluated in 1972.

Prohibition may make youth cannabis access easier rather than harder. Illegal markets do not check identification, whereas licensed retailers risk losing their licenses for selling to minors. As long as recreational marijuana remains confined to illicit channels, teenagers will continue to obtain cannabis from suppliers who face no meaningful incentive to restrict underage access. It would be safer to have a legal market with age restrictions on marijuana sales, as with alcohol, nicotine, and other adult products.

Public opinion has moved faster than federal policy. According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in January 2026, roughly nine in 10 American adults say marijuana should be legal in some form: 55 percent support legalization for both medical and recreational use, 33 percent support it for medical use only, and just 11 percent say it should not be legal at all. A 2025 Gallup poll found that 64 percent of Americans support making marijuana legal outright, more than double the level of support recorded in 2000, with no age group opposing legalization. Forty states, the District of Columbia, and several U.S. territories have legalized medical cannabis, and 24 states have legalized recreational use. More than 6 million patients are registered in state medical programs. Yet the federal classification persists, and so does the debate over whether and how to reform it.

The debate is not entirely one-sided. While Americans overwhelmingly support medical access, views on the broader consequences are more divided. According to a 2024 Pew report, 34 percent of adults said recreational legalization makes communities less safe, compared to 21 percent who said it makes them safer. About 29 percent believed it increases the use of harder drugs. These concerns are not irrational. But the current federal framework is poorly suited to resolving them, because the same classification system that is supposed to protect public health has, for decades, prevented the research that would tell us how worried we should actually be.

The medical marijuana system itself reflects a broader American tendency to force adult behavioral choices through medical gatekeeping structures. Millions of adults who simply want legal access to cannabis are effectively required in many jurisdictions to obtain physician certification for conditions that may be only loosely medicalized. When legal access to products, services, accommodations, or reimbursement depends upon obtaining a medical diagnosis, the boundary between illness and ordinary human behavior can become increasingly blurred. The physician’s role shrinks to that of regulatory intermediary, and with it collapses any meaningful distinction between medical treatment and adult lifestyle choice.

Schedule I classification has not stopped tens of millions of Americans from using marijuana, but it has made it extraordinarily difficult for scientists to study what happens when they do. The federal government has spent decades trying to suppress marijuana use while simultaneously obstructing the research needed to understand risks, benefits, dosing patterns, and long-term effects. Prohibition has not prevented widespread cannabis consumption. It has mainly ensured that policymakers, physicians, and consumers operate with less reliable evidence than they otherwise would.

Even so, the scientific case for medical cannabis has only strengthened. The FDA has approved one cannabis-derived drug (Epidiolex for severe pediatric epilepsy) and three cannabis-related synthetic compounds for chemotherapy-induced nausea and AIDS-associated wasting. A 2024 systematic evidence map reviewing 194 studies found that the majority of treatment effects across 71 distinct health outcomes were positive or potentially positive, with the strongest evidence for chronic pain, nausea, and spasticity. The Department of Health and Human Services recommended rescheduling in 2023, citing credible scientific support for medical use. In other words, the agency responsible for evaluating drug safety concluded that the government’s own classification was wrong.

Rescheduling marijuana to Schedule III does not legalize recreational use. It does not make cannabis available over the counter. What it does is substantially reduce the regulatory barriers to the research that informed policy requires. It will allow scientists to study the products people actually use, at the doses they actually consume, without years of DEA paperwork. President Donald Trump’s December 2025 executive order directing the attorney general to expedite rescheduling acknowledged as much, citing the need to remove barriers to medical research. If this summer’s hearing ends with marijuana as a whole in Schedule III, the research pipeline severed in 1972 can finally begin to be rebuilt.

Adults in a free society should be able to make informed choices about what they put in their bodies. But informed choice depends on information, and for half a century, the federal government has made it nearly impossible to generate the information needed to make those choices genuinely informed. 

The post Prohibition Didn't Stop Marijuana Use. It Stopped Marijuana Research. appeared first on Reason.com.

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Brickbat: Friendly Fire


Still image from dash camera footage of Pasadena Police officers engaging in "horseplay" with their guns. | Pasadena Police Department

Newly released dashboard camera video shows police officers in Pasadena, California, engaging in what officials called “horseplay” with loaded firearms, during which one officer accidentally shot another. The incident took place in September 2025 in the department’s parking garage as officers prepared for their shift. In the video, one officer quickly draws his gun and points it at a fellow officer seated in a patrol car. According to police, the officer in the car then drew his own weapon, which discharged, shooting through the windshield and hitting the other officer in the shoulder. Pasadena Police Chief Gene Harris said the officers’ “regretful conduct is not consistent with the expectations and service commitments of this department,” and the officer who fired the shot was fired. The wounded officer has recovered, and the incident remains under criminal and internal investigation.

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Mamdani’s Socialists Conquer New York City

In this episode of Freed Up, Robby Soave and Jason Russell discuss New York City’s election of young radical socialists and what it reveals about the left’s growing internal divide. They also react to World Cup visitors embracing American culture.

Later, Robby reflects on his recent trip to Ukraine, sharing observations from the war-torn country and what he learned on the ground. The conversation closes with a pop culture discussion about why PLUR1BUS is worth watching and the return of House of the Dragon.

0:00—NYC elected young radical socialists.

10:02—Robby’s 1,007th Bane impression

11:10—The left fights with the left

14:05—The World Cup loves America!

19:23—Robby’s trip to Ukraine

45:33—PLUR1BUS is a great show.

51:55—House of the Dragon is back!

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