Monolithic 3D Silicon Chips Achieve Near-Perfect Yields At Low Temperatures

Monolithic 3D Silicon Chips Achieve Near-Perfect Yields At Low Temperatures

Authored by Neetika Walter via Interesting Engineering,

Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have developed a way to stack high-performance silicon circuits directly on top of one another, a breakthrough that could help the semiconductor industry keep increasing computing power without shrinking transistors further.

The 200-mm wafer contains multiple silicon layers stacked for monolithic 3D chip integration.University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

The approach tackles one of the biggest challenges facing chipmakers as Moore’s law begins to slow. For decades, the industry boosted performance by making transistors smaller and packing more of them onto a chip. But as devices approach fundamental physical limits, further miniaturization is becoming increasingly difficult.

Instead of shrinking components, the Illinois team is building upward. By stacking multiple layers of silicon circuits, engineers can increase transistor density, reduce communication distances inside chips, and improve energy efficiency.

The researchers say their process could accelerate the development of monolithic three-dimensional chips, a long-sought technology that many experts see as the next step in semiconductor scaling.

Building Chips Upward

“Take something as simple as static random-access memory, which is universal in CPUs and GPUs. Today it takes six microelectronic devices called transistors on a single plane to store one bit of information. With vertical integration, you can distribute them across multiple layers. It’s like replacing a sprawling suburb with high-rises: you get the same functionality, but the spatial footprint is reduced while making communication between layers faster and more efficient,” said Qing Cao, associate professor of materials science and engineering.

While three-dimensional chip technologies already exist commercially, most rely on bonding together separately manufactured wafers. That approach creates relatively large connections between layers and limits how densely components can be integrated.

Monolithic three-dimensional integration takes a different route by building each circuit layer directly on top of the previous one. The method allows much denser vertical connections and more precise alignment between layers, potentially leading to faster and more efficient chips.

The challenge has been temperature. Manufacturing high-performance silicon devices typically requires temperatures approaching 1,000 degrees Celsius. However, once the first layer of circuits and metal wiring is completed, additional layers must remain below about 400 degrees Celsius to avoid damaging existing structures.

To overcome this barrier, the researchers developed a process that transfers ultrathin single-crystalline silicon nanomembranes onto completed circuit layers. The bonding process requires temperatures no higher than 200 degrees Celsius, staying well within the industry’s thermal budget.

Beyond Moore’s Limits

“Vertical integration is already starting to make its way into commercial devices, particularly in specialized AI hardware, but monolithic integration is what unlocks the full promise of 3D chips. For the first time, we have met the thermal budget of monolithic 3D integration using standard single-crystalline silicon and delivered unprecedented performance,” Cao said.

The team also redesigned transistor fabrication to avoid high-temperature processing steps. Instead of conventional transistor structures, they used junctionless transistors that can be prepared before the stacking process begins.

Using the technique, the researchers built three stacked silicon layers containing 625 transistors each. The devices achieved yields between 98% and 100% while delivering performance comparable to standard silicon transistors fabricated at much higher temperatures.

The researchers also demonstrated three-dimensional logic circuits and static random-access memory cells by connecting the layers with vertical metal links.

“But most importantly, we’ve shown that this process is scalable,” Cao said. “You can keep stacking layers beyond the three we demonstrated.”

The researchers are now working to transfer the technology into an industrial semiconductor foundry with support from industry partners including IBM, Intel, and TSMC.

The study was published in the journal Nature.

Tyler Durden
Sun, 05/31/2026 – 19:50

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Alexis Wilkins, FBI Director’s Kash Patel’s Girlfriend, Sues MS Now for Defamation

From the Complaint in Wilkins v. Versant Media Group. Inc. (M.D. Tenn.), filed Friday:

This defamation lawsuit is about MS Now (formerly, MSNBC) using sham “anonymous” sources to push knowingly or recklessly false allegations that Alexis Wilkins, through her relationship with FBI Director Kash Patel, abused FBI resources. Defendants are, of course, free to comment on the leadership of the FBI and its allocation of resources, whether positively or negatively. They are not, however, entitled to lie about it.

Defendants falsely asserted that Ms. Wilkins demanded, and Director Patel ordered, that federal agents assigned to her security detail—which did not even exist at the time—escort an intoxicated friend home after a “night of partying.” They falsely portrayed Ms. Wilkins as being intoxicated even knowing that she does not drink. Defendants presumed they could get away with this fiction by citing to “anonymous sources,” disingenuously claiming “nonpublic” and “inside” knowledge. This was hogwash and they knew it. Journalists cannot avoid accountability by hiding behind fabricated “anonymous” sources. This lawsuit seeks to bring accountability for Defendants’ egregious lies….

On December 5, 2025, Defendant, MS Now, published an article, written by its employees, Defendants Carol Leonnig and Ken Dilanian, titled, “Kash Patel ordered FBI detail to give girlfriend’s pal a lift home: sources” …. In the Article, Defendants wrote:

FBI Director Kash Patel has—on more than one occasion—ordered that the security detail protecting his girlfriend escort one of her allegedly inebriated friends home after a night of partying in Nashville, according to three people with knowledge of the incidents.

Patel’s girlfriend, Alexis Wilkins, asked FBI agents on her security team at least two times, including once this spring, to drive her friend home, and agents objected to diverting from their assignment, said the sources, who were granted anonymity to discuss nonpublic matters. But Patel insisted they do as Wilkins requested and in one case called the leader of Wilkins’ security detail and yelled at him to do so.

This is entirely false. Director Patel has never ordered any FBI agent or member of Ms. Wilkins’ security detail to escort any of Ms. Wilkins’ friends home—inebriated or otherwise—nor did Ms. Wilkins ask any of them to do so. Not only did these supposed demands/orders never take place, but the entire scenario is fabricated. No FBI agents have ever escorted any of Ms. Wilkins’ friends home.

Defendants claimed in the Article that the substance of their defamatory allegations supposedly occurred in Spring 2025. Notably, Ms. Wilkins did not have a security detail at that time. Defendants were aware of this. Defendants had previously published, on November 17, 2025, an entire article about Ms. Wilkins’ security detail. Defendants were the first to break that story as Ms. Wilkins had only then been recently assigned a detail, necessary due to credible death threats made against her….

On December 2, 2025—three days prior to publication of the Article at issue in this case—Defendant Dilanian reached out to FBI spokesman, Ben Williamson, to obtain comment on the accusation that Ms. Wilkins’ detail had been diverted to escort her friends home. Defendants grossly misrepresented and diminished the FBI’s response in the Article, writing:

FBI spokesperson Ben Williamson did not answer questions about multiple inside accounts of Wilkins’ detail being diverted, but broadly denied such events took place.

“This is made up and did not happen,” Williamson said.

{Since its original publication, Defendants have stealth-edited the Article, without any acknowledgement of the change. In the current online version, the sentence reads: “FBI spokesperson Ben Williamson broadly disputed that such events took place.”}

This was dishonest in two respects. First, Mr. Williamson did answer Mr. Dilanian’s questions about these unfounded accusations. He did not just “broadly” deny them. He specifically, and pointedly, refuted them on the record after having researched the matter by speaking to all potential witnesses, explaining that there is no record or corroboration. Second, it was Dilanian who refused to answer questions. Williamson, who was flabbergasted at Dilanian’s complete lack of details or corroboration, asked him for anything that would support the accusations. Their text exchange was as follows:

WILLIAMSON: This detail thing you emailed about looks like it’s made up. I just checked. No record of it anywhere and Alexis, who doesn’t even drink, said it’s not true. As did Director. Do you have any more details? General date? Who is the friend? Anything.

DILANIAN:  Stand by

WILLIAMSON:  Do you not have this info already?

DILANIAN: Just to be clear no one is saying Alexis was drunk. We don’t have the details you are looking for but we are comfortable with our sourcing. So just looking for your official comment.

WILLIAMSON:  So you have no name, no date range, no nothing – just comfortable with your sourcing. Are you serious?

Respectfully

Defendants were, therefore, specifically aware prior to publication that the FBI had investigated the allegations and refuted them. Not only did Defendant Dilanian recklessly disregard this fact, claiming “we are comfortable with our sourcing,” but Defendants omitted this information from the Article, falsely implying that the FBI made only a reflexive and broad denial, and falsely claiming that the FBI had refused to answer questions.

Additionally, Defendant Dilanian lied to the FBI in the text exchange, falsely claiming that he had no information on the general date of the alleged incident. Had Dilanian provided the Spring timeframe for the allegation, the FBI could, and would have even more conclusively refuted the story by pointing out that Ms. Wilkins had no security detail at that time.

Defendants, in calculated fashion, avoided that truth. They knew about the recent assignment of Ms. Wilkins’ detail by virtue of their own November 17 article. They knew that if they were to give the FBI the Spring timeframe, it would result in more than just the “official comment” they were looking to get and would derail their desired narrative.

Because the alleged events did not take place, all potential witnesses, including every member of Ms. Wilkins’ security detail flatly, and rightly, deny the allegations from the Article. And as the FBI has no corroborating records, Defendants’ “anonymous” sources could not possibly have had first-hand knowledge. If their sources existed at all, Defendants knowingly or recklessly disregarded their complete lack of knowledge and credibility. Defendants knew this and recklessly chose to publish these anonymously sourced lies in the face of on-the-record refutation.

In fact, by saying in the Article that their sources were “granted anonymity to discuss nonpublic matters,” and that they were “inside accounts,” Defendants falsely suggest to their readers, as intended, that the sources are official, or even members of Ms. Wilkins’ security detail. This alone is evidence of Defendants’ maliciously deliberate obfuscation and knowledge of falsity….

As implicitly acknowledged by Defendant Dilanian, the Article also implies that Ms. Wilkins was inebriated. By claiming that on multiple occasions she was out late after a “night of partying” with a group of inebriated friends in Nashville, Tennessee—a city known for late-night partying and drinking—the Article suggests to the average reader that Ms. Wilkins is a heavy drinker. This is entirely false, as Ms. Wilkins very rarely drinks, if ever. Importantly, Defendants were on actual notice that this implication was false from Mr. Williamson’s text message….

The complaint also (1) alleges that the statements were said with “actual malice” (i.e., were knowingly or recklessly false, (2) argues that “Ms. Wilkins is not a public figure,” so that the actual malice standard doesn’t apply, and instead “she need only show that Defendants acted negligently,” and (3) criticizes New York Times v. Sullivan, which set forth the actual malice requirement. That last point is of course not particularly relevant in a Complaint, but presumably Wilkins is planning to raise and preserve such a challenge in the event that the Supreme Court can be persuaded to cut back on that precedent, or cut back its extension from public officials (the precise issue in Sullivan) to public figures. The complaint also includes a “false light” claim, which is closely related to a defamation claim: It also rests on the statements being allegedly false, but seeks to recover for their being “highly offensive” to the plaintiff and to a reasonable person, rather than for their damaging reputation.

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Thomas and Alito Take a Regrettable Position in a Qualified Immunity Case


Law enforcement officer standing in front of court house | Illustration: Midjourney

Qualified immunity is a judge-made doctrine that routinely shields bad cops from facing civil lawsuits over their abusive and unconstitutional behavior. All too often, a federal judge will hear a case in which a clear constitutional violation occurred, only to then shield the offending officer anyway from facing civil liability over the blatant misconduct. It’s a legal doctrine that deserves to be abolished.

Occasionally, however, the officer will lose one of these cases, and qualified immunity will be denied. That’s what happened last year in Hart v. Grand Rapids, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit actually let a federal civil rights lawsuit proceed against a Michigan police officer whose use of deadly force against a protester was officially reprimanded by his own superiors because of how the officer’s actions violated the department’s training and procedures.

That officer subsequently appealed his loss to the U.S. Supreme Court, which finally turned him down earlier this week, thereby leaving the 6th Circuit’s denial of qualified immunity undisturbed. The civil rights suit against the officer will now move forward in federal court, a welcome result. To be clear, the officer may still prevail in the end, but at least his alleged victim will now get the chance to seek redress for a credible constitutional rights violation.

What makes this case especially notable, in addition to the all-too-rare denial of qualified immunity, is the fact that two members of the Supreme Court went out of their way to let us know just how eager they were to rule in the offending officer’s favor.

In the view of Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito, the officer in this case was fully entitled to receive qualified immunity and to be shielded from facing civil suit. If it were up to Thomas and Alito, the 6th Circuit’s judgment against the officer would have been summarily reversed.

I am sometimes asked which members of the Supreme Court are the most reliably libertarian on various legal matters, such as criminal justice. After clarifying that nobody on the current Supreme Court is a truly consistent legal libertarian on anything, I typically say something to the effect that Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Neil Gorsuch usually tend to give libertarians the most reasons to cheer on matters of criminal justice.

This case presents us with the flip side of that coin. When viewed from a libertarian legal perspective, Thomas and Alito tend to stand out as the worst on criminal justice issues. In far too many cases, Thomas and Alito have exhibited a kind of overriding deference to law enforcement that undermines the Bill of Rights and thwarts government accountability. Their actions this week continue that unfortunate trend.

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