Trump Is Not Immune From Lawsuits Over Jan. 6: Federal Court

Trump Is Not Immune From Lawsuits Over Jan. 6: Federal Court

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

Former President Donald Trump is not immune to lawsuits over the Jan. 6, 2021, breach of the U.S. Capitol, a federal appeals court ruled on Dec. 1.

Former President Donald Trump speaks to a crowd of supporters at the Fort Dodge Senior High School in Fort Dodge, Iowa, on Nov. 18, 2023. (Jim Vondruska/Getty Images)

President Trump has not proven that he has presidential immunity from suits regarding his actions leading up to and on Jan. 6, the court said.

The ruling was largely based on the determination that President Trump’s campaign for another term was not an official presidential act, so did not fall under presidential immunity.

“In arguing that he is entitled to official-act immunity in the cases before us, President Trump does not dispute that he engaged in his alleged actions up to and on January 6 in his capacity as a candidate. But he thinks that does not matter. Rather, in his view, a president’s speech on matters of public concern is invariably an official function, and he was engaged in that function when he spoke at the January 6 rally and in the leadup to that day. We cannot accept that rationale,” U.S. Circuit Judge Sri Srinivasan, appointed under former President Barack Obama, wrote in the ruling.

“While presidents are often exercising official responsibilities when they speak on matters of public concern, that is not always the case. When a sitting president running for re-election speaks in a campaign ad or in accepting his political party’s nomination at the party convention, he typically speaks on matters of public concern. Yet he does so in an unofficial, private capacity as office-seeker, not an official capacity as office-holder. And actions taken in an unofficial capacity cannot qualify for official-act immunity,” Judge Srinivasan added.

Judge Gregory Katsas, appointed by President Trump, concurred, while Judge Judith Rogers, appointed under President Bill Clinton, concurred in part.

The panel ruled on an appeal lodged by President Trump after U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta, appointed under President Obama, ruled in 2022 that President Trump was not protected by presidential immunity for his speech on Jan. 6.

“To deny a president immunity from civil damages is no small step,” Judge Mehta wrote at the time. “The court well understands the gravity of its decision. But the alleged facts of this case are without precedent, and the court believes that its decision is consistent with the purposes behind such immunity.”

The ruling is not final, Judge Srinivasan emphasized.

The rejection of President Trump’s appeal “is necessarily tied to the need to assume the truth of the plaintiffs’ factual allegations at this point in the proceedings,” he wrote. “President Trump has not had a chance to counter those allegations with facts of his own. When these cases move forward in the district court, he must be afforded the opportunity to develop his own facts on the immunity question if he desires to show that he took the actions alleged in the complaints in his official capacity as President rather than in his unofficial capacity as a candidate. At the appropriate time, he can move for summary judgment on his claim of official-act immunity.”

The Dec. 1 decision “is not necessarily even the final word on the issue of presidential immunity,” he added, so “we of course express no view on the ultimate merits of the claims against President Trump.”

Lawyers for President Trump and the other parties did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

President Donald Trump speaks at the “Stop the Steal” rally in Washington on Jan. 6, 2021. (Jenny Jing/The Epoch Times)

Positions

The decision came nearly a year after the parties argued in front of the appeals court panel. The appeals court normally issues decisions in about a third of the time.

The ruling came after President Trump was sued by Democrats and law enforcement officers over his actions on Jan. 6.

Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives, for instance, accused President Trump of conspiring to prevent them from their duty in approving the 2020 electoral results because of his speech, in which the president called on supporters to march to the Capitol.

President Trump, who is the Republican frontrunner for 2024, has argued that the speech consisted of “political statements and discourse by a sitting president during his term of office” and should thus be covered by presidential immunity.

The immunity protects presidents from civil lawsuits over official acts, or acts taken with the “outer perimeter” of his official responsibilities, under a 1982 Supreme Court ruling.

In the run-up to January 6th and on the day itself, President Trump was acting well within the scope of ordinary presidential action when he engaged in open discussion and debate about the integrity of the 2020 election,” lawyers for the former president wrote in one filing.

Lawyers for the other parties had told the appeals court that Judge Mehta ruled correctly.

President Trump “was acting far beyond the “outer perimeter” of his office when he conspired to use violence and intimidation to prevent members of Congress from carrying out their constitutional duty to count Electoral College votes and certify the results of the 2020 presidential election,” they said.

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 19:50

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Pickup Trucks Dominate US Auto Sales

Pickup Trucks Dominate US Auto Sales

Celebrating its 75th anniversary this year, the Ford F-Series is no less than an American icon.

Ford’s immensely popular line of pickup trucks has been the best-selling truck for 46 consecutive years and the country’s best-selling vehicle for the last 41 years. And since it’s very hard to overtake an F-Series truck, both literally and figuratively, the F-Series will once again be America’s number 1 vehicle this year.

As Statista’s Felix Richter reports, according to Car and Driver, Ford sold 573,370 units of its heavyweight truck in the first nine months of 2023, including 12,260 electric F-150 Lightning trucks. In a testament to America’s love of pickup trucks, the F-Series is trailed by the Chevy Silverado and the Ram Pickup in second and third place, before the Toyota RAV4 is the first non-heavy-duty vehicle in this year’s ranking of best-selling cars and trucks.

Infographic: Big & Bold: Pickup Trucks Dominate U.S. Auto Sales | Statista

You will find more infographics at Statista

The enduring love affair between Americans and pickup trucks is deeply ingrained in the nation’s automotive culture. Rooted in the early 20th century, when trucks were primarily tools of trade, their evolution over time saw them transition from workhorses to versatile, multipurpose vehicles catering to a diverse range of lifestyles. Capable of seamlessly transitioning from hauling heavy loads at a worksite to serving as a family vehicle for weekend adventures, the spacious cabins, towing capacity and off-road capabilities of modern pickup trucks cater to a wide spectrum of consumer needs.

Moreover, the ‘American Dream’ narrative has often been intertwined with these trucks. The very essence of the pickup truck embodies the spirit of the country itself – bold, ambitious and unyielding. In recent years, the market for pickup trucks has expanded beyond traditional demographics. Their appeal now extends to urban dwellers, outdoor enthusiasts and even environmentally conscious consumers with the introduction of electric pickup trucks.

Tesla’s Cybertruck is just the latest such example, and when looking at Tesla’s track record combined with America’s love of heavy-duty trucks, it looks like a surefire hit.

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 19:15

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Wow—You People Just Helped Us Blast Through Our Webathon Goal of $400,000!


Our favorite kind of money! | Lex Villena

Good Lord, people, you sure do know how to show some libertarian journalists a good time!

When we kicked off this year’s Reason webathon (in which we spend one week asking our most loyal readers/viewers/listeners to support our work financially in return for some choice swag), we figured it was a tad on the audacious side to set an overall fundraising target of $400,000. After all, money is tight, media competition is fierce, and we had fallen short of that threshold as recently as 2019. But, what the hey, maybe you would surprise us.

Oh man did you.

Donations in the 7 p.m. ET hour here on Day 5 kicked us past the $362,010 level, which in turn maxed out/activated a (second!) $100,000 matching grant, which has now combined to obliterate that $400,000 goal with 76 more webathon hours to spare. Leading to the inevitable temptation….We should just crank that target all the way up to $600,000, shouldn’t we?

But first! Two more anonymous donors have combined to offer a third challenge grant, this time for $80,000, which means two things: 1) Your next $80,000 worth of donations will be effectively doubled, and 2) if you indeed max that out, we will in fact meet our new $600,000 goal, and get on with making more great libertarian content. Easy-peasy!

YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO. DONATE TO REASON TODAY. FOR THE RECORD BOOKS, MA!

If the pure numerical adrenaline isn’t quite enticement enough, allow me to introduce you, via the magic of self-curated social media threads, to the terrific work of Reason staffers Billy Binion, Emma Camp, C.J. Ciaramella, Brian Doherty, Natalie Dowzicky, Jacob Sullum, Jesse Walker, and Zach Weissmueller. Your donations make their butt-kicking possible.

HELP US TAKE IT TO THE LITERAL NEXT LEVEL. DONATE TO REASON RIGHT THE HECK NOW!

The post Wow—You People Just Helped Us Blast Through Our Webathon Goal of $400,000! appeared first on Reason.com.

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‘Disturbing Gibberish’: New Trans Textbook For Psychiatrists Could Harm Millions Of Kids, Critics Say

‘Disturbing Gibberish’: New Trans Textbook For Psychiatrists Could Harm Millions Of Kids, Critics Say

Authored by Darlene McCormick Sanchez via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

A new “cutting-edge” textbook on transgenderism written with the help of activists will be used to train psychiatrists and could harm millions of children in the future, some experts have warned.

(Illustration by The Epoch Times, Shutterstock)

“Gender-Affirming Psychiatric Care,” just released on Amazon at $58, is a textbook printed by American Psychiatric Association (APA) Publishing.

The textbook signals early on that it’s more subjective than objective, quoting a feminist studies professor saying, “Scientific neutrality is a fallacy.”

The content has prompted some critics to question the textbook’s reliance on a mix of transgender-identifying professionals writing about their experiences, limited scientific studies, and neo-Marxist critical theories.

This is a huge issue; millions more kids will be harmed,” said Dr. Lauren Schwartz, a psychiatrist in Oklahoma speaking out against the rush to “transition” children.

The textbook’s introduction says the book is based on an “evidence-informed approach” instead of an evidence-based approach, which is more scientific, she told The Epoch Times.

The 26 chapters are written by 56 authors, 50 of whom are in the transgender community, according to the textbook’s foreword.

Chapters include affirming “two-spirit people,” a term used to refer to someone who believes he or she is both sexes, and one about “double queer” people—or people who identify as transgender and have a mental disability.

The book’s editors are listed as an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and investigator at the National LGBT Health Education Center; and a transgender-identifying psychiatry resident at the University of Pennsylvania, whose work is influenced by her background as a “non-binary/trans, queer, neurodivergent, chronically ill, Jewish person.”

Dr. Schwartz noted that the authors were chosen by “prioritizing lived experience, diversity of perspectives, and community impact of prior work over academic titles.”

‘Disturbing Gibberish’

The problem is the textbook will be perceived as authoritative because it was printed by the APA’s publishing arm, she said.

“Anyone wanting to practice gender-affirming care, any attorney wanting to defend it, and any legislator who wants to protect it, now they have a new peer-reviewed textbook, not just ‘evidence’ in a journal or a study,” she said.

Alan Hopewell, a prescribing neuropsychologist in Texas who saw transgender-identifying patients decades ago, called the textbook “disturbing.”

This is nonsensical gibberish which has no foundation whatsoever in science,” he told The Epoch Times.

Hospitals could demand doctors go by the textbook because the APA put it out, or it could even be used to remove the license of doctors who don’t go along with it, he said.

Abigail Martinez (R), the mother of a transgender teen who committed suicide, sheds tears as Erin Friday comforts her and transgender activists block TV cameras from capturing her story in Anaheim, Calif., on Oct. 8, 2022. (John Fredricks/The Epoch Times)

“This reminds me of brain-damaged hippies free-associating at a commune,” Mr. Hopewell said.

The book foreword says that most of the contributing authors recognize they are “obscenely privileged” as English-speaking doctors with access to elite schools.

It asserts that the psychiatric field was built on “the work [and assumptions] of European, white, cisgender men, including their colonial, Anglo-centric, cis-heteropatriarchal worldview and pathologization of experiences that did not fit their own ‘norm.'”

For millennia, outside of European colonial influences, gender diversity has flourished to varying degrees among hundreds of indigenous communities around the world,” the foreword reads.

The idea that Western countries were colonizing land stolen from indigenous people is part of critical race theory (CRT), which critics say is rooted in neo-Marxism.

Straight White Bias

CRT and gender theories see white people and heterosexuals in Western civilization as “oppressors” of minority identity groups, who are viewed as victims.

Activists are encouraged to dismantle oppressive societies in order to right discrimination of the past, according to ideology architects such as Ibram X. Kendi, who wrote “How to Be an Antiracist.”

Detransition advocates meet outside of the annual Pediatric Endocrine Society conference held in San Diego, Calif., on May 6, 2023. (John Fredricks/The Epoch Times)

Proponents of CRT and gender theories contend that discrimination against identity groups such as white people and heterosexuals is needed to right the wrongs against racial and sexual minorities.

“The entire document is predicated on an uncritical acceptance of queer theory, which is more accurately queer Marxism,” conservative author James Lindsay told The Epoch Times.

Queer theory is a gender ideology advocating the destruction of traditional sexual norms; some queer theorists support sexual acts such as pedophilia and bestiality that aren’t accepted by society.

The textbook describes heterosexuals as cisgender people who are part of a “cultural and systemic marginalization” of LGBT people who don’t align with societal norms.

To prove the point, the authors object to the idea that only women can have babies.

“For example, naming an obstetrics and gynecology practice a women’s health center is cis-normative because it assumes the practice will only serve patients with one gender,” the foreword reads.

Mr. Lindsay, author of “The Marxification of Education,” said the idea of “treating” gender dysphoria with hormones or surgery is akin to performing lobotomies on the mentally ill decades ago.

History teaches that communist theories applied to the real world have deadly results, he said.

Mr. Lindsay pointed to the forced application of Trofim Lysenko’s Soviet agriculture program based on pseudo-science as an example of a communist idea gone bad.

The program caused millions of innocent people in the former Soviet Union to starve by forcing them to plant seeds close together in the belief that plants from the same class never compete with each other. The theory contributed to widespread famine.

Read the rest here…

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 18:40

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Recession Risk: Which Sectors Are Least Vulnerable?

Recession Risk: Which Sectors Are Least Vulnerable?

If, and when, a recession ever occurs again in any of our lifetimes – certainly not in the golden age of Bidonomics, pain will be felt disproportionately as usual.

Sectors which fare better will typically exhibit;

  • Less cyclical exposure
  • Lower rate sensitivity
  • Higher cash levels
  • Lower capital expenditures

As such, Visual Capitalist‘s Dorothy Neufeld takes a look at the sectors most resilient to recession risk and rising costs, using data from Allianz Trade. 

Recession Risk, by Sector

As slower growth and rising rates put pressure on corporate margins and the cost of capital, we can see in the table below that this has impacted some sectors more than others in the last year:

Generally speaking, the retail sector has been shielded from recession risk and higher prices. In 2023, accelerated consumer spending and a strong labor market has supported retail sales, which have trended higher since 2021. Consumer spending makes up roughly two-thirds of the U.S. economy.

Sectors including chemicals and pharmaceuticals have traditionally been more resistant to market turbulence, but have fared worse than others more recently.

In theory, sectors including construction, metals, and automotives are often rate-sensitive and have high capital expenditures. Yet, what we have seen in the last year is that many of these sectors have been able to withstand margin pressures fairly well in spite of tightening credit conditions as seen in the table above.

What to Watch: Corporate Margins in Perspective

One salient feature of the current market environment is that corporate profit margins have approached historic highs.

As the above chart shows, after-tax profit margins for non-financial corporations hovered over 14% in 2022, the highest post-WWII. In fact, this trend has been increasing over the past two decades.

According to a recent paper, firms have used their market power to increase prices. As a result, this offset margin pressures, even as sales volume declined.

Overall, we can see that corporate profit margins are higher than pre-pandemic levels. Sectors focused on essential goods to the consumer were able to make price hikes as consumers purchased familiar brands and products.

Adding to stronger margins were demand shocks that stemmed from supply chain disruptions. The auto sector, for example, saw companies raise prices without the fear of diminishing market share. All of these factors have likely built up a buffer to help reduce future recession risk.

Sector Fundamentals Looking Ahead

How are corporate metrics looking in 2023?

In the first quarter of 2023, S&P 500 earnings fell almost 4%. It was the second consecutive quarter of declining earnings for the index. Despite slower growth, the S&P 500 is up roughly 15% from lows seen in October.

Yet according to an April survey from the Bank of America, global fund managers are overwhelmingly bearish, highlighting contradictions in the market.

For health care and utilities sectors, the vast majority of companies in the index are beating revenue estimates in 2023. Over the last 30 years, these defensive sectors have also tended to outperform other sectors during a downturn, along with consumer staples. Investors seek them out due to their strong balance sheets and profitability during market stress.

Cyclical sectors, such as financials and industrials tend to perform worse. We can see this today with turmoil in the banking system, as bank stocks remain sensitive to interest rate hikes. Making matters worse, the spillover from rising rates may still take time to materialize.

Defensive sectors like health care, staples, and utilities could be less vulnerable to recession risk. Lower correlation to economic cycles, lower rate-sensitivity, higher cash buffers, and lower capital expenditures are all key factors that support their resilience.

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 18:05

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House Passes Bill To ‘Permanently Freeze’ $6BN In Iranian Funds

House Passes Bill To ‘Permanently Freeze’ $6BN In Iranian Funds

Via The Cradle,

On Thursday the US House of Representatives in a 307-119 vote passed a bill that would force the White House to permanently freeze $6 billion in Iranian funds released back in September as part of a successful prisoner exchange deal.

“Giving Iran access to these funds for any purpose frees up money for its malign activities, including its support to proxies, like we saw on 7 October, like Hamas,” Representative Michael McCaul – who introduced the bill – told reporters.

House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Michael McCaul (R-Texas) speaks in support of the “No Funding For Iranian Terror Act”. YouTube/House Foreign Affairs Committee Republicans

House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Michael McCaul (R-Texas) speaks in support of the “No Funding For Iranian Terror Act” on the House floor on Nov. 30, 2023. Credit: YouTube/House Foreign Affairs Committee Republicans.

The US Senate has introduced similar legislation to freeze the Iranian funds but has yet to pass it out of committee.

Despite the accusations from western officials, Iranian authorities maintain they had no previous knowledge of the plans by Hamas to launch Operation Al-Aqsa Flood and have repeatedly stressed Tehran has no interest in seeing the hostilities expand into a regional war.

In September, Tehran and Washington completed a landmark prisoner exchange deal brokered by Qatar that also saw the transfer of $6 billion in frozen Iranian funds seized by South Korea due to US sanctions.

The billions were transferred by Seoul to the Qatari accounts of several Iranian banks using the SWIFT system, thanks to a sanctions waiver provided by Washington.

Despite US officials claiming in the wake of the deal that they would police the use of the funds, Iranian authorities stressed these would be used to acquire “whatever the Iranian people need.”

At the time, Washington-based think tanks considered the deal a softball maneuver by the White House to publicly kickstart the easing of tensions with Tehran. This move was seen as a way to navigate around the resistance of congressional representatives and pressure from Israeli hawks against reviving the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). 

The Neocon wing of the Republicans have long sought to block the Biden move to free up the $6BN, but Thursday’s vote had bipartisan support…

Nonetheless, days after the start of the Gaza-Israel war on 7 October, the White House announced Iran “would not be getting the money for the time being.” At the time, State Secretary Anthony Blinken said Tehran had not “touched the money yet.”

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 17:30

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Americans Couldn’t Care Less About Christmas Markets

Americans Couldn’t Care Less About Christmas Markets

Even though most Western and many other countries around the world observe Christmas as a public or religious holiday, the traditions differ wildly not only from region to region but also from country to country.

Statista’s Florian Zandt reports that their Consumer Insights Christmas Special shows that when it comes to Christmas markets, a long-held tradition in Western Europe, attitudes are divided by an ocean in the markets analyzed – literally and figuratively.

Infographic: Americans Couldn't Care Less About Christmas Markets | Statista

You will find more infographics at Statista

While 58 percent of German survey respondents say that Christmas markets are essential and almost half of those looking forward to the holiday season are excited about mulled wine and gathering around wooden huts in festive cheer, not as many participants in the United Kingdom share these sentiments.

When looking at the United States, most respondents could probably do entirely without Christmas markets, with only 13 percent each seeing it as an important tradition and looking forward to it.

For U.S. survey participants, having a Christmas tree (55 percent) listening to Christmas music, and watching Christmas movies (50 percent each) are the top 3 essentials for the holiday season.

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 16:55

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Montana TikTok Ban Likely Violates First Amendment, Intrudes on Federal Foreign Affairs Power

Judge Donald Molloy’s opinion Thursday in Alario v. Knudsen (D. Mont.) preliminarily enjoined Montana’s ban on TikTok, which the state had defended largely on the theory that TikTok was owned by a Chinese corporation and “gathers significant information from its users, accessing data against their will to share with the People’s Republic of China,” which facilitates “corporate and international espionage in Montana.” The court held that the ban was likely unconstitutional even if it was viewed as content-neutral and thus subject to the “intermediate scrutiny” applicable to content-neutral speech restrictions:

To pass intermediate scrutiny, a law must both “advance[ ] important governmental interests unrelated to the suppression of free speech[,] not burden substantially more speech than necessary to further those interests,” and “leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.” …

[T]he law’s foreign policy purpose is not an important Montana state interest…. SB 419 explicitly bans TikTok because of its direct connection to a specific foreign nation…. As is explained in more detail below, Montana does not have constitutional authority in the field of foreign affairs.

The State attempts to persuade that its actual interest in passing this bill is consumer protection. However, it has yet to provide any evidence to support that argument…. [And e]ven accepting the State’s argument that its stated government interest is consumer protection, the law still must be narrowly tailored to that interest….

First, SB 419 “burden[s] substantially more speech than is necessary.” This is apparent on the law’s face. SB 419 completely bans TikTok in Montana. It does not limit the application in a targeted way with the purpose of attacking the perceived Chinese problem. At the October 12 hearing, the State argued that the law is narrowly tailored because it is the only way the Legislature could have stopped the purportedly improper behavior it wanted to prevent. In its brief, the State cites a March 2023 article from Reuters reporting on a group of 45 United States attorneys general who moved to file in a Tennessee state court as amici curiae to argue that TikTok has deceptively and improperly ignored requests to produce internal company documents in response to state investigations. The State suggests that any legislation less stringent than an all-out ban would not be properly tailored when the company has already displayed a public willingness to disobey state regulatory requests. However, it is unclear how this single investigation into TikTok warrants a complete ban on the application.

In the same legislative session as SB 419, the Legislature also passed SB 384, a sweeping data privacy law called the Montana Data Privacy Act that purports to protect Montanans against unsafe data collection practices from social media companies in the state. To be clear, courts may not “sift[ ] through all the available or imagined alternative means of regulating [an issue] in order to determine whether the [state’s] solution was the least intrusive means of achieving the desired end.” But the State may not “regulate expression in such a manner that a substantial portion of the burden on speech does not serve to advance its goals.” Banning TikTok outright to support a factually unsupported interest is a clear example of a regulation that burdens more speech than is necessary….

[T]he State has [also] not provided any evidence that the ban “will in fact alleviate these harms in a direct and material way.” In the first instance, it is well-established that other social media companies, such as Meta, collect similar data as TikTok, and sell that data to undisclosed third parties, which harms consumers [citing lawsuits against Facebook for tracking users’ browsing histories and allegedly selling them to advertisers -EV]. Additionally, there are many ways in which a foreign adversary, like China, could gather data from Montanans. For example, it could do so by “purchasing information from data brokers (a practice in which U.S. intelligence agencies also engage), conducting open-source intelligence gathering, and hacking operations like China’s reported hack of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management” [citing a declaration by one of plaintiffs’ experts]. Thus, it is not clear how SB 419 will alleviate the potential harm of protecting Montanans from China’s purported evils….

[T]he law [also] fails intermediate scrutiny because it does not leave open “ample alternative channels of communication.” … Each User Plaintiff testifies in their affidavits that TikTok provides them a way to communicate with their audience and community that they cannot get elsewhere on the Internet….

The court also dismissed a separate argument for the law, which is that “TikTok fails to remove, and may even promote, dangerous content that directs minors to engage in dangerous activities,” which “includ[es] but [is] not limited to throwing objects at moving automobiles, taking excessive amounts of medication, lighting a mirror on fire and then attempting to extinguish it using only one’s body parts, inducing unconsciousness through oxygen deprivation, cooking chicken in NyQuil, pouring hot wax on a user’s face, attempting to break an unsuspecting passerby’s skull by tripping him or her into landing face first into a hard surface, placing metal objects in electrical outlets, swerving cars at high rates of speed, smearing human feces on toddlers, licking doorknobs and toilet seats to place oneself at risk of contracting coronavirus, attempting to climb stacks of milkcrates, shooting passersby with air rifles, loosening lug nuts on vehicles, and stealing utilities from public places.” The court noted that a ban on TikTok has little connection to protecting minors from such material, given that the material remains legal on all the other platforms.

The court also concluded that the law was preempted by the federal government’s exclusive powers over foreign affairs (an argument that, unlike the First Amendment objection, wouldn’t apply to a hypothetical future federal TikTok ban):

“[T]he Constitution entrusts foreign policy exclusively to the National Government” and so “state law must give way” where there is a conflict between state law and foreign policy. Am. Ins. Ass’n v. Garamendi (2003)….

“Courts have consistently struck down state laws which purport to regulate an area of traditional state competence, but in fact, affect foreign affairs.” … SB 419’s foreign affairs purpose … [is] clear. First, the preamble states that “TikTok gathers significant information from its users, accessing data against their will to share with [China].” It further states that the “continued operation [of TikTok] in Montana serves as a valuable tool to [China] to conduct corporate and international espionage in Montana and may allow [China] to track the real-time locations of public officials, journalists, and other individuals adverse to the Chinese Communist Party’s interests.” This demonstrates that the purpose of the statute is to prevent and prohibit the “international espionage” of one of the United States’ few enumerated foreign adversaries, not to merely protect Montana consumers.

The bill’s legislative history further supports this conclusion. For example, in the first Montana House of Representatives hearing on the bill, Defendant Attorney General Knudsen explained: “TikTok is spying on Americans, period. TikTok is a tool of the Chinese Communist Party. It is owned by a Chinese company, and under China law, if you are based in China, you will cooperate with the Chinese Communist Party, period.” He further explained his belief that China sees “a war with the United States as inevitable, and [China is] using TikTok as an initial salvo in that war.” This, he explains, is a reason the bill is necessary.

During the second reading of the bill, Representative Brandon Ler, a Republican from Savage, stated:

we are facing a threat unlike any other from the Chinese Communist Party hiding behind TikTok where they can spy on Americans by collecting personal information by keystrokes and even use their locations. That’s why I urge you to join me in voting yes on Senate Bill 419 to ban TikTok in Montana. TikTok is a national security threat.

… The Legislature may have set out to protect Montanans from an allegedly grave threat. But “however laudable it may be, [it] is not an area of traditional state responsibility.” …

SB 419 “intrudes on the federal government’s exclusive power to conduct and regulate foreign affairs” …. A state law is intrusive if it has “‘more than some incidental or indirect effect’ on foreign affairs.” Because SB 419 “expresses a distinct political point of view on a specific matter of foreign policy,” it is intrusive. In Movsesian, the Ninth Circuit held that a California statute that imposed a “politically charged label of ‘genocide’ on the actions of the Ottoman Empire (and, consequently, present-day Turkey),” was making a political statement. Similarly, SB 419 attempts to establish a foreign policy for Montana. As explained in detail above, from the very first line of the bill, the Legislature makes a distinct foreign policy statement, which is that TikTok is owned by a Chinese corporation that is taking Montanans’ TikTok user data and sharing it with the Chinese government for nefarious purposes….

And the court also held that the statute conflicted with the federal Defense Production Act:

Plaintiffs argue that the Defense Production Act directly conflicts with SB 419 because TikTok’s parent company, ByteDance, and the United States are currently engaged in negotiations under the law….

Congress passed the Defense Production Act to help ensure the “ability of the domestic industrial base to supply materials and services for the national defense and to prepare for and respond to military conflicts, natural or man-caused disasters, or acts of terrorism within the United States.” The sprawling act also establishes the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (the “Committee”), which is tasked with “conduct[ing] an investigation of the effects of [some foreign] transaction[s] on the national security of the United States and take any necessary actions in connection with the transaction to protect the national security of the United States.” If the investigation returns credible risks, the Committee can either negotiate with the parties to the transaction or refer the matter to the President of the United States to prohibit it.

In 2020, TikTok and ByteDance petitioned for review of a Trump Administration August 2020 executive order requiring certain divestment activity for TikTok in the United States. As of February 2023, the negotiations under the Committee’s framework have been held in abeyance while a mutual agreement is privately negotiated between the parties. This Committee matter is not the same as the instant matter before the Court, but it does indicate the depth of the federal government’s involvement with TikTok under the Defense Production Act.

Conflict preemption doctrine seeks to protect the federal government’s “capacity to bargain for the benefits of access to the entire national economy.” Accordingly, although SB 419 may not directly impact the Committee’s activity, the Committee’s ongoing engagement with TikTok under the provisions of the Defense Production Act likely implicates the exact type of conflict the preemption doctrine seeks to prevent. The State argues in its defense that if Congress intended the Defense Production Act to preclude any state regulation of a business that was being investigated by the Committee, it would have explicitly said so by express preemption. This argument misses the point of conflict preemption, which preempts state regulation even in the absence of explicit federal preemption….

Finally, the court also held that the TikTok ban violates the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause because it “facially discriminates against a foreign nation—China—in commerce.” (See Kraft General Foods, Inc. v. Iowa Dep’t of Rev. & Fin. (1992) for more on that.)

The plaintiffs are represented by too many lawyers to list, from the firms Covington & Burling LLP, Jackson, Murdo & Grant, P.C., and Davis Wright Tremaine LLP.

 

The post Montana TikTok Ban Likely Violates First Amendment, Intrudes on Federal Foreign Affairs Power appeared first on Reason.com.

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No Sealing in Case Seeking to Enforce $17M Arbitration Award Related to Medicare Prescription Drug Benefits

From Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald’s opinion Thursday in Caremark, L.L.C. v. N.Y. Cancer & Blood Specialists, Inc.:

Petitioners Caremark, L.L.C., … SilverScript Insurance Company, and Aetna, Inc. seek to file their petition to vacate an arbitration award under seal; or, in the alternative, partially under seal; or, in the second alternative, with some redactions….

Respondent New York Cancer & Blood Specialists (“respondent” or “NYCBS”) is a community cancer center with locations in New York City and Long Island. Caremark is a Pharmacy Benefit Manager (“PBM”), which creates and manages pharmacy networks and prescription drug benefits on behalf of Medicare Part D plan sponsors…. NYCBS commenced arbitration proceedings against petitioners to recover fees that petitioners allegedly improperly imposed on NYCBS…. [T]he arbitration panel ruled in favor of NYCBS on several claims and awarded it approximately $17,000,000 in damages as well as attorneys’ fees and interest…. [P]etitioners filed a petition to vacate the arbitration award….

[T]here is a “general presumption in favor of public access to judicial documents.” … [T]he documents petitioners filed in support of their motion to vacate are “judicial documents” because they are undoubtedly “relevant to the performance of the judicial function and useful in the judicial process.” … [T]hese judicial documents are entitled to a strong presumption of access given that they “directly affect” the Court’s adjudication of the petition to vacate…. [And] against this strong presumption of public access, petitioners have failed to “articulate a compelling countervailing rationale for filing the documents under seal.”

To overcome the presumption of access, petitioners first argue that the Court should seal the case, or at least large swaths of the record, pursuant to the confidentiality clause in the parties’ arbitration agreement. However, “[c]ourts in this District have long held that bargained-for confidentiality does not overcome the presumption of access to judicial documents.” …

Petitioners next argue that they should be permitted to seal or redact certain documents that purportedly contain trade secrets. Petitioners have not shown, however, that any documents in the record contain trade secrets. A trade secret is any “formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information which is used in one’s business, and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.” For one thing, petitioners fail to articulate with any specificity how disclosure would cause “a clearly defined and very serious injury” to their competitive position. Rather, petitioners rely on blanket assertions such as that “[t]he competitive standing of [petitioners] will be severely prejudiced if this information enters the public sphere” because “Caremark’s competitors can use [this information] to their advantage.” Such “vague and conclusory allegations will not suffice” to show proof of competitive harm.

Additionally, the “most important consideration in determining whether information is a trade secret is whether the information was secret.” Much of the information that petitioners seek to seal or redact, however, is already in the public record. Indeed, in another case involving petitioners, the court refused to seal similar information for the same reason. Moreover, many of the documents that petitioners want redacted contain information that is up to seven years old. Petitioners have not shown that disclosure of such “outdated and stale” information “would result in any competitive harm.” …

Finally, petitioners’ attempts to downplay the public interest in this case are unpersuasive. The underlying dispute involves petitioners’ use of Medicare Part D monies. Courts have recognized the public’s “right of access to court documents and its interest in knowing how its tax monies are being spent in a matter of public importance.” Furthermore, the specific type of fees that are at the heart of this dispute have been the subject of several government hearings and investigations. Therefore, there can be no question that the public has a strong interest in the documents filed in this case….

The post No Sealing in Case Seeking to Enforce $17M Arbitration Award Related to Medicare Prescription Drug Benefits appeared first on Reason.com.

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New CDC Director Defends Vaccine Mandates, School Closures

New CDC Director Defends Vaccine Mandates, School Closures

Authored by Zachary Stieber via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

The new director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Nov. 30 defended COVID-era policies like vaccine mandates in her first appearance before Congress.

“I’m very proud of the work we did in North Carolina,” Dr. Mandy Cohen, the new director, told Rep. Jeff Duncan (R-S.C.) after he asked if she regretted any of the policies put into place in North Carolina, such as school closures, when she was the state’s health secretary.

I feel like we did that in a way that was very inclusive,” she added.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Mandy Cohen testifies in Washington on Nov. 30, 2023. (Win McNamee/Getty Images)

When Rep. Debbie Lesko (R-Ariz.) noted that Dr. Cohen supported harsh measures as health secretary, including vaccine mandates, Dr. Cohen said it was time to “look forward” and start a “new chapter.”

“You have to remember, at different moments in time, we needed different solutions,” she said in response to how Americans would know whether the new director will support the same measures at the federal level.

“The good news is that we’re in a different place than we were before. We both have different tools and have different mechanisms to respond,” she said to another question, about whether she’d shut down schools if a pandemic happened again. “I can’t really address a hypothetical but I think we’ve learned a lot about how to approach things.”

Did closing schools harm students?

We always knew in-person instruction was incredibly beneficial,” Dr. Cohen said.

“You’d be great in the sales department,” Rep. Gary Palmer (R-Ala.) said, prompting a rare smile from the new director.

Dr. Cohen replaced Dr. Rochelle Walensky, President Joe Biden’s first CDC director, over the summer. Dr. Walensky was an advocate for COVID-19 vaccines, masks, and school closures.

Dr. Cohen also indicated she supports mask mandates, saying all masks, including cloth masks, worked as a “barrier” and protected against COVID-19. The CDC recommends wearing “well-fitting” masks for protection.

Dr. Cohen’s answers sparked frustration from lawmakers of both parties.

“My neighbor would say, should I wear a cloth mask? I don’t know from your answer what I should tell them,” Rep. Scott Peters (D-Calif.) said.

Rep. Dan Crenshaw (R-Texas) said that Dr. Cohen was in the perfect place to help the CDC reestablish credibility.

If the CDC wants its credibility back, you’ve got to have a mea culpa moment. You’re in the perfect position to do it, because you had nothing to do with their decisions at the time. So there’s no reason to defend it,” he said.

“It’s ok to say ‘it didn’t make any sense to shut down schools.’ The data shows that now. ‘It didn’t make sense to do major lockdowns.’ The data shows that now. ‘It doesn’t make sense to mask kids.’ The data shows that now. It’s okay to say it. And the public will reward you for it,” he added later.

But Dr. Cohen refused to say authorities in North Carolina or at the CDC did anything wrong, repeatedly steering the discussion back to the future, not the past.

She did refer broadly several times to lessons learned during the pandemic, including being more transparent.

Answers on Illness in China, Lab in California

Dr. Cohen also answered questions about other topics, including a bout of illness in China.

Dr. Cohen said that the CDC was in touch with counterparts in China, where the agency has an office, and that the surge in respiratory infections in China was not, based on current information, from “a new or novel pathogen.”

The World Health Organization and Chinese officials have also said the illnesses are from existing illnesses such as influenza.

“The Chinese officials have shared with us that there are no novel pathogens, and we were able to corroborate that information across other sources from our European Union partners and others to make sure that we’re getting a complete picture,” Dr. Cohen said.

Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-Wash.) said the situation in China “brings us back, sadly, to the early days of COVID-19” when there was a “lack of reliable information coming out of China.”

“We are hoping that you can put some pressure in an attempt to try to get China to not mislead the world as they did with COVID-19,” Rep. H. Morgan Griffith (R-Va.) said.

Some lawmakers pressed Dr. Cohen on a laboratory in China that was operating without permission, after a House report said the CDC refused to speak for months to local officials who raised the alarm.

Dr. Cohen said the CDC investigated quickly and found no indications the lab was experimenting with Ebola or other select agents.

She echoed an earlier CDC statement that said the report “includes numerous inaccuracies, including both the charge that CDC did not respond to local requests for aid and the false implication that CDC had the authority to unilaterally investigate or seize samples from” the lab. The agency said it was actively engaged in the investigation into the facility.

Tyler Durden
Sat, 12/02/2023 – 16:20

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